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23  WEST  MmIN  street 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


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I 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The 
to  t 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


a 

n 

n 
n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertura  de  couieur 

Covers  damaged/ 

r   jverture  endommagde 


D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
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Pages  damaged/ 
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Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


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Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

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Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couieur 

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pas  ix6  filmAes. 

Fy^  Additional  comments:/ 

L-J    Commentaires  supplimentaires; 

Item  extracted   from:      Collections  of   the  Massachusetts  Historical   Society. 

No. 18  Vol.111,    March  1794. 


The 
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Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  to'  Jlement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure. 
etc..  ont  M  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 
10X  14X  18X  22X 


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26X 


30X 


12X 


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IS  du 
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Image 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

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Canadian  History  Department 

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The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^(meaning  "CON- 
T!NUED"),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


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d'ir.<pression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  pir 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

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dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 


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different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
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beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supAri<»'ir  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iilustrent  la  m6thode. 


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<,  »    .  « 


[No.  18.— Vol.  IIIJ 


COLLECTIONS 

O  F    T  H  E 

Maffachufetts  Hiftorical  Society. 
For  MARCH,  1794. 

C  0  NT  At  N' J  Ma 
VOLUME    III. 


Page 


A  Topographical  Defcription  of  the  county  of  Prince 
George  in  Virginia,  -  -  - 

Renarks  on  Mr.  Webfter's  Calculations, 

Mr.  Webfter's  Reply  to  Mr.  Mellen's  Remarks, 

Mifcellaneous  Remarks  and  Obfervations  on  Nova 
Scotia,  New  Brunfwick  and  Cape  Breton, 

Road  from  Halifax  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 

Governours  of  Nova  Scotia  from  1720, 

Defcription  of  the  Atherine,         -         - 
t,Account  of  the  burning  of  Fairfield,  in  July,  1779, 

An  original  Letter  from  Gov.  Shirley  to  the  Board  of 

Trade,  refpe6ling  Fort  Dummer,  1748,    [Continued)     106 


85 
92 

94 

ibid 
101 
ihid 
102 
103 


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{•  '-■ 


PRINTED    AT    THE    APOLLO  PRESS    IN    BOSTON, 

BY    B  E  L  K  N  A  P  AN  D  H  A  L  L. 


[PriQc  6/.  per  annum,  Sd.fm^lc.J 


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Rimarkson  Mr.  Wehjlcr's  Calailatmu 


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5f 


nutation  made  ufe  of  to  determine  the  proportion  that  hve  to  feventy 
Se  rs  and  upwards,  very  Tar  from  iuft  :  For  the  number  three  hund  ed 
Stwelve  (or  three  hundred  and  twenty-nme.  as  I   fuppofe  .Hh..uld 
have  been)  is  found  by  dividing  23400=  i3'>oX  »8  (that '«  'he  pr.)du6l 
of  tt  •  nurnber  of  inhabitants,   and  the  number  of  years  tor  wl'ich  the 
b  1     vere  kept)  by  leventy-one,   the  number  of  perfons  who  m  that 
ame  died  feventy  year,  old'and-upward,.    Can  ;h.s  be  a  juft  method  of 
determining  how  'many  live  .0  feventy  years?  Has  the  number  of  m- 
habitants  in  a  place  any  thing  to  do  in  this  qucftion  ?  At  leaft.  Oiouid 
not  the  comparifon  be  made  between  the  number  which  in  a  certain 
Jlme  dte  fe^nty  years  old  and  upwards,  and  the  whole  number  of  per- 

'"tefuste'how  MrWebVer's  mode  of  computation  will  apply  to 
fome  othe  ie  We  would,  for  inftance,  find  wha,  proportion  ol  the 
-iodons  born  (no  account  is  here  made  of  immigrations  or  em.gra. 
?i;i0:nthefir^ftandfecondpan(h^^^^^^^^^^ 

5^1  Woer  which  died  «t  the  age  ot  nineteen  years  and  upwards; 

1  am.  Sir,  with  much  refpeft, 
Your  humble  fcrvantj 

JOHN  MELLEN,  jum 

BarnJlabU,  Sept.  23,  1793- 
Rkv.  Jer.£MY  Belknap,  D.D, 

N 


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94 


Remarks  on  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brnnjioick,  &c. 


Mr.  Webster's  Reply  io  Mr.  Mkllkn's  Remarks.    * 

Ni:\v-YORJi,  yawttflr)!  22,  1794. 
Rf.vfrend  Sir, 

YOUR  favour  of  the  5th  inft.  covering  (one  remarks  on  my  com- 
municaiion  to  the  Hiflorical  Society,  pubSilhecl  in  Vol.  111.  p.  5, 
has  been  receiverl,  and  has  my  particular  acknowiedgcmeius. 

In  reply  to  the  remarks,  I  can  only  fav,  that  it  h  always  a  fiibjeft  of 
regret,  that  an  inaccurate  or  ambiguous  exprellion  (houKi  efcape  a  wri- 
ter, and  lead  his  readers  into  a  mifappreheiifioii  of  his  true  meaning. 
The  fentcnce  which  h  liable  to  exception  in  this  refpefl  fhould  run 
thus,  "a  calculation  gives  one  to  tliree  hundred  and  twenty-nine* 
of  all  the  perfons  living  in  the  given  fpace  of  time,  who  die  at  fevcnty 
years  old  and  upwards."  When  thus  exprc  HVd,  my  .real  and  only 
meaning  would  be  obvious,  and  as  the  gentleman,  in  his  (Iriilures,  re- 
marks, the  "  conclufion  drawn  tiora  the  mode  of  calculation  would 
have  been  juft." 

1  had  no  materials  for  calculating  the  proportion  of  deaths  at  a  given 
age  to  the  number  of  fouls  born  in  any  given  peiiod.  I  attempted  no 
fuch  calculation.  Befides  I  adopted  ^}^z Jame  principles  of  calculation 
with  refpecl  to  Salem  and  the  tiiird  parilh  in  Hartford  ;  fo  that  as  far 
as  it  extends,  the  comparifon  is  juft,  provided  the  premiles  are  true.  But 
it  appears  by  the  late  cenlus,  that  Dr.  liolyoke's  cllimate  of  the  num- 
ber of  fouls  in  Salem  was  tnuch  too  high — inflead  of  nine  thoufand, 
th«s  fuppofed  number,  the  true  number  falls  fliort  of  eight  thoufand. 
This  will  render  the  calculation  more  favourable  to  Salem. 

If  the  remarks  ihould  be  publifhed,  the  committee  will  fufTer  this 
Jkort  reply  to  follow  them  ;  I  am  too  much  occupied  to  be  more  par- 
ticular. 

Be  pleafed.  Sir,  to  afTure  the  Hiftoric;il  Society  of  the  high  opinion 
I  entertain  of  the  importance  of  their  underidking,  and  that  1  anxioufly 
wait  for  the  period,  when  other  occupations  will  permit  rac  to  indulge 
my  inclination  in  feconding  their  views. 

I  am,  Sir,  with  great  refpeft, 

your  moll  ohedieni  humUie  fervant, 

NOAH  WEBSTER,  jun. 

Rev.  Dr.  Belknap. 


MISCELLANEOUS  REMARKS  and  OBSERVATIONS  on  Nova 
Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  Cape  Breton. 
Snppo/ed  to  be  written  by  the  Surveyor  General  of  Nova  Scotia. 

MR.  Bernard,  the  Governour  of  Maffachufetts  bay,  in  the  year 
1764.  caufed  h  furvcy  of  the  bay  of  PafTaniaquoddy  to  be  made, 
and  propofed  making  grants  of  land,  as  being  within  his  government. 

*  The  number  a<i  publiilied  is  three  hundred  and  twelve;  whether  a  niiftake 
ofthcprinter,  or  an  crryr  in  the  copy,  I  do  not  know. 


r-Tj-*. 


v_ 


^  X.^ 


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lKS.     * 

.  1794- 

my  com- 
111.  p.  5. 

fiibjeft  of 
ipe  a  wri- 

meaning. 
loiild  run 
nty-nine* 
at  fevcniy 

and  only 
lures,  re- 
ion  would 

at  A  given 

.-mpted  no 

:alculation 

lut  as   far 

;  true.  But 

the  nutn- 

thoufand, 

thoufaud. 

fufTer  this 
more  par- 

h  opinion 

aijxioufly 

to  indulge 


'ant, 
L.R,  jun. 


on  Nova 

N. 

Scotia. 

1  the  year 

)  be  made, 
ivernment. 


Remarks  on  Nova  Scotia,  New  Briinfwkk,  iBc, 


95 


The  next  year,  Mr.  Wilmot,  the  Governour  of  Nova  Scotia,  fent  the 
chief  land  furveyor  to  make  a  furvcy  of  that  bay,  when  upon  full  in. 
quiry,  it  was  found  there  were  three  rivers  called  St.  Croix,  emptying 
inio  that  bay  ;  that  the  river,  called  by  the  favages,  Coplcook,  was  an- 
ciently  called  by  the  Ficnch,  St.  Cioix;  and  on  examining  into  the 
original  grants  of  Nova  Scotia,  it  appeared  that  the  giants    made  by 
King  Charles  the  fecond,  to  his  brother  theDjkeof  York,  in    1663 
(called  the  Duke  of  Yotk's  Territory)  was  bounded  by  the  river  St, 
Croix  to  the  call  ward,  and  by  the  river  Kenncheck  to  ihc  weftward  ;  and 
on  the  i2ih  of  A.iguft  the  fame  year.  Sir  William   Alexander  obtained 
a  gi  ant  of  Nova  Scotia,  bounded  wefterly  as  far  as  "  the  river  St.  Croix, 
and  to  the  larihed  fource  or  fpring  which  firif  comes  from  the  weft  to 
mi  gleits  waters  with  thofe  of  the  river  St.  Croix,  and  from  thence 
running  towards  the  north,"  &c.     All  the  iflands  in   PafTamaquoddy 
bay  aie  included  in  this  grant,  and  have  ever  fincebeen  deemed  to  be- 
long to  Nova  Scotia.     By  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace,  figned  at  Paris, 
3d  September,  1783,  the  eaftern  limits  or  boundaries  ol  the  United 
States  are  thus  deicribed  :  "  Eaft  by  a  line  to  be  drawn  along  the  mid- 
die  of  the  river  St.  Croix,  from  its  mouth  in  the  bay  of  Fundy,   to  its 
fource,  and  from  its  fource,  north  to  the  high  linds,    comprehending 
all  iflands  within  twenty  leagues  of  any  part  of  the  Ihores  ot  the  Unit- 
ed States,  and  lying  between  lines  to  be  drawn  due  eaft  Irom  the  points 
where  the  aforefaid  boundaries,  between  Nova  Scotia  on  the  one  part, 
and  eaft  Florida  on  the  oth---  part,  ftiall  refpeftively  touch  the  bay  of 
Fundy  and  the  Atlantick  oc^an,  excepting  luch  iflands  as  now  are,  or 
heretofore  have  been  deemed  within  the  limits  of  Neva  Scotia."  This 
makes  it  clearly  evident,  that   Grand   Manan   Iflaud,    Pafl'amaquoddy 
Gieat  Ifland,  now  called  Campo  Bello,  Deer  Ifland,    Moofe  Ifland, 
and  all  the  iflands  lying  in  that  bay,  whether  on  the  fouthern  or  north- 
em  fide   this  line  diawn  due  eaft  from  St.  Croix,  fliould  as  formerly 
belong  to  Nova  Scotia.     Whether  Scoodick  or  Copfcook  is  the  kiver 
the  treaty  Sxes  upon,  remains  with  thofe  who  framed  it  to  determine  ; 
hut  from  the  manner  in  which  thofe  boundaries  are  exprefled,  1  Ihould 
imagine  that  river  to  be  the  river  St.  Croix  intended,  whofe  fource 
fhould  be  found  tartheft  into  the  country  weftward  and  northward  to- 
wards  the  high  lands,  mentioned  in  the  treaty,  being  conformable  to  the 
old  grants  ;  and  if  my  conjeflure  is  well  founded,  the  St.  Croix  men- 
tioned  in  the  treaty  cannot  be  properly  afcertained,  until  accurate  fur- 
vcys  are  made,  and  proper  commiftioners  appointed  to  determine  there- 
upon. 

The  Province  of  Nova  Scotia,  by  the  Governour's  commifhon,  has 
been  (till  the  late  divifion  of  the  government  took  place)  defcribed  as 
follows  :  "  On  the  weft,  by  a  line  drawn  from  Cape  Sables  acrofs  the 
entrance  of  the  bay  ot  Fundy  to  the  mouth  ol  the  river  St.  Croix  ;  by 
the  faid  river  to  its  fource  ;  and  by  a  line  drawn  trom  thence  to  the 
fouthern  boundary  of  our  colony  of  Quebec  :  To  the  northward,  by  the 
faid  boundary  as  tar  as  the  weftern  extremity  of  the  bay  Des  Chaleurs ; 


.^ 


S~r«S*i;i 


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Remarks  on  Nova  Scotia,  Nem  Brunjwick,  tSu 


B 


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i 


To  the  eaftward,  by  the  fald  bay  and  the  gulf  of  St.  Laurence  to  the 
c«pe  or  ptomontory  called  Cape  Breton,  in  the  ifland  ot  thai  name,  in. 
eluding  that  ifland.  the  iOand  St.  John's,  and  all  oiher  iflands  wiihm 

fix  leagues  ot  the  ftiores."  

In  the  year  1784.  Nova  Scotia  wais  divided  into  four  feparate  govern- 
ments, to  wit.  New  Brunfwick,  Nova  Scotia.  St.  John's,  and  Sydney. 
The  divifion  line  between  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunfwick  is  as  fuU 
lows  •  Bounded  by  the  fevcral  windings  of  the  MifTiiiualh  river,  from  its 
confluence  with  Beau  Balin  (at  the  head  of  Chignefto  channel)  to  its  rife 
or  m^in  fource  ;  and  horn  ihence  by  a  due  call  line  to  the  bay  «' Verf, 
'  in  the  ftraiis  ol  Norihumbeilapd.  Nova  Scotia  includes  all  lilands 
within  its  limits  thai  lie  within  fix  leagues  of  its  coalls,  except  the  illand 

ol  Cape  Breton.  «••/<_  r  i  •  n 

Halildx  the  capital  ot  this  province,  was  fettled  by  Britilh  fubjefcts 
in  1749.     It  i!>  fiiuaied  in  latitude  44°  40'.  on  a  fpaciou*   and  commo- 
dious Harbour,  of  bold  and  eafy  entrance,  where  a  thoufand  ot  the  larg- 
eft  fhips  might  ride  with  gieat  convenience  and  tafety.     The  town  is 
built  on  ihe  well  fide  of  the  haibour,  on  the  declivity  of  a  commanding 
hill  whole  tummit  is  two  hundred  and  fifiy-fix  teet  perpendicular  from 
the'level  of  the  fea.     The  town  is  laid  out  into  oblong  fquares,  the 
ilreets  parallel,  and  at  right  angles.     The  town  and  luburbs  aie  aboiit 
two  miles  in  length  ;  and  the  general  width,  one  quarter  of  a  mile.    It 
contains  tour  thoufand  inhabitants,  and  feven  hundred  houfes.    At  ttic 
norihern  extremity  of  the  icwn.  is  ttie  King's  naval  yard    completely 
built  and  fupplicd  with  ftores  of  every  kind  lor  the  royal  navy.      Itie 
harbour  of  Halifax  is  juttly  efteemed  (by  many)  as  the  rooft  eligible 
fnuationin  Britifh  America  for  the  feat  ot  government,  being  open 
and  accelTible  V.  all  feafons  of  the  year,  when  almott  all  the  other  har- 
bours are  locked  up. with  ice ;  and  alfo  from  its  central  fituation,  prox- 
imity to  the  bay  of  Fundy  and  principal  interiour  feiilements  of  the  pro- 
vince.     The  oiher  towns  are  Shelburne  and  Digby,  fettled  in    1783, 
J^uncuburg,  Annapolis.  New  Dublin,  Liverpool,  Manchener,\^  indfor, 
Cornwallis,  Hortpn,  Yarmouth,  Barrington,  and  Argyle. 
t     The  lands  in  general  on  the  fea  coaft  ot  Nova  Scotia  (except  the  coun- 
ty  of  Lunenburg)  and  a  few  hills  of  good  land,  are  rocky  and  interfperf- 
ed  wiih  fwamps  and  barrens.     The  growth  is  geneial.  an  imermixture 
of  fpruce,  hemlock,  pine,  fir,  beech  and  birch,  and  fome  rock-maple  : 
But  its  Ihores  are  accommodated  with  harbours,  rive.s,  coves,  and  bays 
conveniently  adapted  for  the  filheries  ;  and  the  above  timber  affords  «a 
inexhauflible  fupply  of  njaterials  for  buildings,  flakes  and  ftages,  vef- 
fels  &c.     The  moft  remarkable  land  on  the  fouih  fhore  ot  Nova  Sco- 
tia is  the  high  land  of  Afpotagoen,  which  lies  on  the  promontory  that 
feparates  Mahone  from  Margaret's  bay.     This  land  may  be  leen  at  a 
great  diftance  from  the  offing,  and  is  the  land  generally  made  by  Ihips 
bound  from  Europe  and  the  Weft  Indies  to  Halifax.     The  fumrnit  of 
this  land  is  about  five  bundled  feet  perpendicular  trora  the  level  of  m 
fea. 


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name,  in« 
ids  within 


te  govern- 
d  Sydney. 
U  as  fuU 
!r,  from  its 
1)  to  its  rife 
ly  of  Verf, 
all  iilands 
t  the  illdnd 

irti  fubjefcs 
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ol  the  larg- 
he  town  is 
tmmanding 
iculdr  irom 
juares,  the 
s  ate  about 
a  mile.    It 
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completely 
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loft  eligible 
being  open 
e  other  hal- 
ation, prox- 
i  of  the  pro- 
;d  in    1783, 
sr.Windfor, 

:pt  the  coun- 
d  interfperf- 
intermixture 
ock-maple  : 
es,  and  bays 
ler  affords  uU 
I  ftages,  vef- 
l  Nova  Sco- 
lontory  that 
be  leen  at  a 
lade  by  (hips 
le  fummit  of 
level  of  tb? 


Rmarh  on  Nova  Scotia,  Kcta  Brmjwkk,  ^. 


su 


The  Ardois  mountain  lies  between  Windfor  and  Halifax,  abbut  thir- 
ty miles  north-weft  From  the  latter.     It  is  deemed  the  htgheft  land  is 
the  province,  and  affords  an  cxtenfivc  profpcft  of  all  the  high  and  low 
lands,  about  Windfor,  Falmouth,  and   the  diftanl  country  bordering 
on  the  B^fin  of  Minas ;  and  muft  in  future  time,  with  the  rifing  im- 
provements and  diverfified  fcenery,  form  a  plcafing  and  variegated  land- 
fcapp.    Cape  Blowmedown,  which  is  the  fouihem  fide  of  the  entrance 
from  the  bay  of  Fundy  into  the  Bafm  of  Minas,  is  the  eaftcrn  termtna- 
tion  of  d  range  of  mountains,  extending  for  about  eighty  or  ninety  miles 
to  the  Gut  of  Annapolis;  bounded  on  the  north  by  tlie  Ihores  ol  the 
bay  of  Fundy,  on  the  fouth  by  Annapolis  river.     This  trafcl  of  land  is 
confide'fd  t  qu-il  in  richnefs  and  fertility  to  any  in  the  American  colo- 
nies,  proclucuig  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  and  every  Ipecies  ol  vegetable 
in  perfeaion  and  abundance.     The  principal  rivers  ate  Annapolis  and 
Sfiubenaccadie.     The  latter  takes  its  rife  within  a  ftiort  mile  ol  the  town 
of  Dartmouth,  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Halifax  harbour,  and  empties  itfelf 
into  Cobfquid  br-y,  taking  in  its  courfe  the  Slewi  ick  and  Gay's  nVer. 
Other  rivers  of  lefs  note  are  the  riVers  which  empty  into  Pitlou  har. 
hour  in  the  flraits  of  Northumberland;  St.  Mary's  river,  Antigontfh. 
Liverpool,  Turket,  Mufquidoboit  and  Siflibou  rivers.     The  principal 
lakes  are  lake  Porter,  which  empties  itfelf  into  the  ocean  about  five 
leagues  to  the  eaftward  of  Halifax,  which  lake  is  fifteen  miles  in  length, 
ancl  an  half  a  mile  in  width,  with  iflands  in  it;  Potawock,  focallea  by 
the  favages  which  lies  between  the  head  of  St.  Margaret's  bay  and  the 
xnain  road  from  Halifax  to  Windfor  ;  the  great  lake  of  Shubenacca. 
die    lying  on  the  eaft  fide  of  (aid  road,  about  feven  miles  from  it,  and 
twenty-one  miles  from  Halifax.    There  t»  another  lake  of  confidcrable 
tnagnitude.  called  by  the  original  French  inhabitants,  Rolfif>:nol,  which 
lies  between  Liverpool  and  Annapolis,  and  from  Indian  accoi»nts  is 
faid  to  be  the  main  fource  of  Liverpool  and  Petit   RiViere  (fo  called) 
rivers.     It  has  been  a  place  of  refort  for  the  Indians,  from  the  favour- 
able hunting  grounds  about  a.     There  are  many  other  lakes,  ftreams, 
and  brooks,  which  water  and  diverfify  all  pans  of  this  province.     The 
principal  bayr.  are  the  bay  of  Fundy,  which  wafhes  the  ihores  of  New 
Brunfwick  on  the  north,  and  Nova.Seotia  on  the  eaft  and  fouth.    T  his 
bay  is  twelve  leagues  acrofs,  from  the  gut  of  Annapolis  to  St,  John  s, 
the  capital  of  New  Brunfwick.     The  tides  are  rapid  «"  this  bay,  and 
rife  at  Annapolis  Bafin  about  thirty  feet.     At  the  head  of  Chtgnedo 
channel,  an  arm  of  this  bafy,  the  fpring  tides  rife  fixty  feet.     At  the  Ba- 
fin of  Minas.  which  may  be  termed  the  north-eaft  arm  or  branch  of  this 
bay    the  tides  rife  forty  feet.     Des  Barres.  the  late  nautical  furveyor 
of  ihis  province,  has  in  general  been  corrcQ  and  particular  m  noting 
the  latitude  and  longitude  of  all  the  diff-ereni  towns,  harlxjurs    capes, 
and  head  lands  in  this  province;  and  his  charts  a-e    o  pubhck,  they 
can  be  reforted  to  by  all  who  require  further  infur maiion  on  the  lub- 

jea. 


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fi  kemarks  on  Nova  Scotia,  Nem  Brunfwick,  G?c. 

For  natural  prodnflions,  Charlevoix  in  his  Hiftorie  General*  ^c 
Nouvelle  France,  will  give  full  information.  Mr.  Pernetie  who  has 
been  curious  in  obferving  the  n  itural  produtlions  of  this  province  br 
upwards  of  thirty  years,  fpeaks  highly  ol  the  accuracy  of  Charlevoix  on 
tlic  fubjeil. 

The  province  of  Nova  Scotia  contains  eight  million,  feven  hundred 
and  eighty  nine  thoufand  acres;  of  which  three  millions  have  been 
granted,  and  two  millions  fettled  and  under  improvement.  This  prov- 
ince IS  accommodated  with  many  Ipacious  barb  'US,  bays,  and  coves  of 
fitelier,  equal  to  any  ir.  the  univcrf^e.  Its  coatts  abound  with  filh  of  all 
kinds,  fuch  as  cod,  falmon,  mackerel,  herring,  alewives,  trout,  and  from 
its  contiguity  to  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  Quero,  Sable,  banks,  fifh- 
cries  under  proper  management  and  regulations,  might  b;  cariL-d  on 
with  a  certainty  of  fuccefs.  The  fouthern  fhores  of  Nova  Scotia,  to 
the  eye  of  a  llranger,exhibit  an  unfavourable  appearance.beiiig  in  geuejr- 
al  broken  and  llony  :  but  the  innumerable  iflands  along  its  coalls,  coves 
and  harbours,  though  generally  compofed  of  rocky  fubllances,  appear 
by  nature  defigned  for  the  drying  of  fifh,  and  arc  clothed  with  materials 
lor  flakes  and  Itages,  and  thsre  is  land  fufficient  for  paftures  and  gardens 
to  lerve  the  purpofes  oi  filhermen. 

As  you  advance  into  the  back  country,  the  face  of  it  wears  a  fat 
more  favourable  and  pleafing  afperl ;  and  at  Cornwallis,  Windfor, 
Horton,  Annapolis,  Cumberland,  Cobequid,  PiQou,  and  along  the 
noiih  fliores  of  the  province,  are  extenfive,  well  improved  farms :  and 
the  gradual  improvements  in  hufbandry,  which  hai>  been  encouraged  by 
the  laudable  efforts  aiid  fuccefsful  experiments  of  the  Agricultural  So- 
ciety  here,  afford  a  well  grounded  expe61atioa  of  its  becoming  a  flour- 
ifl.ing  colony ;  efpecially  ii  a  difpofition  for  frugality,  economy,  and 
induftry  ftiould  prevail  among  us;  the  want  of  which  important  quali- 
ties  has  been  hitherto  the  foqrceof  all  ourembarraffmems.  Nova  Sco- 
tia may  he  compared  to  the  ru  !e  diamond  in  the  quarry  :  it  only  wants 
the  polifli  of  well  direfled  induftry,  to  give  it  beauty  and  increafie  its 
value. 

There  are  mines  of  coals  at  Cumberland,  and  on  the  e-it  river  which 
falls  into  Fiflou  harbour.  There  are  alfo  lime  (lone,and  plaft  cr  of  Paris 
at  Windfor,  and  in  the  gut  of  Canfo  ;  and  tfiere  is  plenty  of  bog  and 
mountain  ore  ir<  Annapolis  townfhip,  on  the  bor.  rs  of  the  Niclau  riv- 
er, and  a  bloomery  ercfted  theic;  and  from  fome  late  fuccefsful  ex- 
fierimenis,  there  is  a  flattering  profpeft  of  its  becoming  of  great  pub- 
ick  benefit.  Some  Imall  pieces  of  copper  have  been  found  at  Cape 
D'Or,  on  the  r.'^rth  fide  of  the  Bafin  of  ^Minas;  but  not  fufficient  to 
elfablifh  a  well  grounded  expedation  of  any  mine  rich  enough  to  pay 
for  the  working  of  it. 

There  are  no  cafcadec  in  this  province,  that  merit  diftinclion.  The 
only  two  that  have  been  noticed,  are,  one  of  them  on  a  flream  that  falls 
into  the  head  of  Mill'ord  Haven,  which  is  about  forty  feet  high,  and 


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Remarks  on  Nova  Scotia,  Nao  Brunfzuick,  (Sc. 


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one  which  fill*  into  the  harbour  St.  Ji>hn,  on  the  north-eall  fliore  of  iItc 
pri>\  iiice,  about  the  fame  hei);ht. 

The  Island  of  Capk  Breton.]  The  prefent  feat  of^govern- 
meni  is  at  Spanilh  river,  on  the  north  lidethe  ifland.  TIikcoiI  mincj 
are  fiinated  near  the  entrance  of  the  harbour;  the  vorking  ot  which 
and  the  filhery  are  the  chief  em^iloyment  of  the  •'>liabiiants.  This  ifl. 
and  isinfeire6Ud  with  lakes  and  rivers.  The  g-eai  Bras  D'Oi  is  a 
vcrycxtenGvc  Ihc^t  of  water,  which  forms  into  arms  and  branches,  and 
opens  an  ealv  communication  wiih  all  parts  ot  the  iflaiid.  There  is 
a  great  proportion  oi  arable  land  on  this  ifland ;  and  it  abounds 
in  timber  and  liard  wo..  !,  fuch  as  pine,  beech,  birch,  maple,  fpruccs, 
and  fii.  Iflc  Madame,  v*hich  ii  an  appendage  to  this  r  "ernminl,  is 
fciilcd  for  the  moft  pan  hy  l-'iench  Acadians,  wlwfe  chief  employment 
is  ihi'  filTiery  at  Amihot,  the  piincipal  haibour  in  faid  ifland.  There  are 
aboir  fitly  families  fettled;  ai  don  this  ifland  theic  arc  computed  to  be 
one  ihoui-ind  fouls.  They  lakf  about  thirty  thoufand  quintals  of  filh 
annually,  which  are  ihipped  foi  Spain  and  the  Straits  principally  by 
mercha.its  trom  Jei'  v,  who  refori  here  annually  and  keep  (lores  ot 
fup/ifes  for  the  hlhcrinen. 

pKoViNcE  Of  New  Bruns'.vick.]  Bounded  on  the  fouth,  by 
the  north  fhores  of  the  bay  ot  Fundy  and  by  the  river  Mifliquafli  to  its 
fomce,  and  Irom  thence  by  a  due  eail  tine  to  the  bay  of  Vert  ;  on  the 
Wffl,  by  a  line  to  run  due  north  from  the  head  or  main  fource  ot  St. 
Croix  river, in  the  bay  of  Pallamaquoddv,  to  the  high  lands-which  di- 
vide the  dreams  which  tail  into  the  rivei  St.  Lawrence  and  the  bay  of 
Fnndv  ;  and  trom  thence  by  the  fuuthern  boundary  of  the  colony  of 
Qieb  *c,  nniil  it  touches  the  fea  Ihore  at  the  weilern  extremity  of  the 
bay  of  Chaleur;  then  following  the  fcveral  courfes  of  the  fea  flioretothe 
bay  ot  Vert  (in  the  ftraits  of  Northumberland)  until  it  meets  the  termi- 
nation of  tlieeaffeni  line  producsd  from  the  fource  of  the  Milfiquafll 
above  mentioned,  :ncludrng  ail  iflands  within  the  faid  limits. 

The  city  oi  St.  John's,  the  capital,  is  fituated  at  the  mouth  or  en- 
trance of  the  rivei  St.  John,  on  high  and  rocky  ground.  The  ftreets 
are  regular  and  fpacibus;  and  there  are  many  decent,  well  biiilt  houfes. 
It  contains  about  one  ihoufand  inhabitants.  The  town  of  St.  Anne's, 
the  prefent  feat  of  that  government,  lies  about  eight/  miles  up  the  river. 
About  one  mile  above  the  town  is  the  only  entrance  into  the  river  St. 
John,  which  is  anout  eighty  or  a  hundred  yards  wide,  and  about  four 
hundred  yards  in  length  ;  and  this  palfage  is  called  the  Falls  of  the  river. 
This  paflage  being  fo  ftrait,  and  a  ridge  of  rock>  running  acrofs,  where- 
on there  are  not  above  feventeen  feet  of  water,  renders  it  infufficient  to 
difcharge  the  frefti  waters  of  the  river  above.  The  common  tides 
flowing  here  about  twenty  feet,  at  low  water,  the  waters  of  the  river 
are  about  twelve  feet  higher  than  the  waters  of  the  fea,  and  at  hign 
water,  the  waters  of  the  fea  are  about  five  feet  bigiier  tlnn  the  waters  ot 
the  river ;  fo  thai  in  every  tide  there  are  two  falls,  one  outwards  and 
one  inward*  :  and  the  only  lime  of  pafling  this  place,  is  at  the  time 
when  tha  waters  of  the  river  are  level  with  the  waters  of  ihe  fea,  which 


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iTO  K<wwris  o«  iVbvii  Scotia,  New  Brmfmck,  ^c. 

b  twice  In  a  tide  ;  aad  this  opportunity  o(  paOing  continufs  not  above 
twenty  minuUs.     At  other  times  it  is   impairibleor  extreme  v  d.a- 
ceroifs     From  the  confluence  ot  this  river  with  the  bay  of  i  undy  to  us 
Lin  fonrce,  i«  computed  to  be  three  hundred  aud  fi^'y™'!^'^'     ^l.' 
navigable  for  floops  to  Frederirkton.     Its  genera  courfe  is  W   N.  W. 
On  the  bunks  of  this  river  are  rich  intervale  and  meadow  lands^  well 
clothed  with  tinvber  and  wood,  fuch  as  pine,  beech,  elm,  mapfe,  =ind 
walnut.  There  are  many  rivers  ihat  empty  into  it :  the  Oromodo  river 
rbv  which  the  Indians  have  a  communication   with  i  ai.ainaquona  ; 
5he  Nafhwack.  Madamkifwick,  on  which  are  rich  intervales  that  pro- 
duce all   kinds  of  grain  in  the  higheft  peifetlion.     St.  John  s  nver 
opens  a  vatt  extent  of  fine  country,  and  takes  in  its  various  courfes  a 
number  of  fine  rivers  ;  on  all  which  ^re  rich  meadow  and  intervale 
I^nds.  andmuft  of  them  fetiU-d  and  under  improvement      The  upland 
is  in  general  clothed  with  timber  trees,  fuch  as  pme  and  fpj"".  l'^^"?' 
lock  Ld  hard  wood,  principally  beech    b.rch,  m^iDlcs.  and  fomeafli. 
The  pines  on  this  river  are  the  la.geft  to  be  met  with  m  Bntifh  Amer- 
ica.  and  afford  a  coxifiderable  fupply  of  matt,  for  the  W' "^^^  .  .    . 
"       The  town  of  Si.  Andrew's  is  (i.uaied  ui  the  ^^^  oi  an,  ifl^nd  ol  that 
«a.ne.  on  the  eaft  fide  of  an  arm  (called  Scoodick)  °  >he  mner  nay  of 
.  Paffat^aquoddv.     U  is  very  regularly  laid  out  ,n  the  form  of  an  objong 
fquare;  but  few  houfes,  and  tl.ofe, built  on  a  fmall  fcale      Ther«  je 
bul  few  inhabitants,  whofe  chief  employment  is  in  the  •'^'"be    trade. 
The  common  tides  rife  here  about  eighteen  feet      There  are  thee  riv- 
ers which  fall  into  the  b«y  o\  Paffamaquoddv.     The  largett  is  called  by 
V  :  mod  rnlnrns  the  S c'oodick ;  but  Sy  De  MonsandCh.mp  a.ne  wbo 
accompanied  De  Mpns  inoneofhis  v<>>S 'h'ther  (  ee  th^.    vo^a^t^ 
in  Purchafe's  Col),  aions,  written  and  pubhOied  in  1632)  ..ailed  Ltchc- 

^ins.  Its  main   fource  is  near  P-"l^'<=-^  "-•^' '°  "^'^^  ".;;  ^.'^^uls' 
dians  have  a  communication  ;  the  carrying  place  acrofs  is  «h<  -  e  >mles 

The  rivers  that  fall  into  PalTamaquoddy  bay  have  >"'«;;^'«  *"^ 
meadows  on  their  banks,  and  mull  have  forme,  ly  been  covered  wi  ha 
Ce  Jowth  of  timber,  which  is  obfervable  from  the  remains  of  large 

'nkfwhich  are  (fill  to'be  feen  ;  but  a  raging  hre  '-vtrg  pa^ed  'h-.^^^ 
that  country  (according  to  Indian  accamts  t:f.y  V^^^.^g'  f^^J^^^;^  j"; 
riouflv  (w  a  very  dry  feafon)  thnt  it  deftruyed  moll  ot  the  '""b^r  )nh° 
'aft  fidi  the  bay  of  PalTamaquoddy,  and  particularly  on  <he  ^  gcga- 
davi  k  or  Ealtern  river,which  falls  iniothe  bay.wh.rc  u  "ged  vvuh  ur^- 
com  in  violence,  and'fpread  as  far  caftward  as  the  nver  which  tall* 
nto  the  St.  John's,  and  Extended  northerly  and  ^f  ^f  V  ^^^^^^^^^  f,^ 
Dickwailct  or  Digdegu.lh    river,  which  falls  into  the  fame  fide  ot  the 

^^Merrimichi  river,  on  the  north  eatt  coaR  ot  New  Brunfwick.  ialU 
into  th  Lead  of  a  bay  of  that  name ;  and  a  little  above  its  confluence 
with  the  bav,  it  lorms  into  two  branches  and  v-s  thro  gh  a  er u  e 
traft  of  choice  ir^ervale  land,  a..  1  the  land  in  geneial  is  weU  clotl^ea 
wUh  Iber  of  all  kinds,    from  this  river  they  have  a  communication 


;' 


7  .; 


'X-  '^"" 


not  above 
nelv  diia* 
iniiy  to  its 

leS,        It    ";U 

V.  N.  W. 
inds,  well 
lapfe,  !>nd 
lofclo  river 
naqiiotid  ■) 
s  that  pro- 
hn's  river 
I  courfes  a 
i  intervale 
'he  upland 
ruce,  liem- 
1  fome  a(h, 
tifh  Amer- 
lavy. 

4nd  of  that 
iner  bay  of 
an  oblong 
There  are 
mber  trade, 
e  three  riv- 
is  called  by 
\plaine  v/\\o 
eir  voyages, 
illed  Etche- 
iver  the  In- 
thi  ■  e  mil'es. 
ervales  and 
^ered  with  a 
lins  of  large 
iFed  through 
I  burnt  fofu- 
mber  on  the 
he  Magcga- 
ged  with  un- 
which  fall* 
beyond  the 
le  fide  uf  the 

nfwick,  falls 
s  confluence 
lugh  a  fertile 
well  clothed 
ram.nication 


Road  from  Halifax  to  the  Gulf  of  Si.  Lawrence,  ^c.     loi 

with  St.  John's,  partly  by  land,  but  principally  by  water  carriaga  iti  ca- 
noes.  The  falmon  filhery  is  carried  on  with  fuccefs,  and  the  cod  filh. 
ery  is  improving  near  the  entrance  of  the  bay. 

Petitcodiak  river  falls  into  an  arm  of  the  bay  of  Fundy.called  t-hig- 
nefto  channel.  From  its  confluence,  after  a  cotirfe  of  fome  miles  north- 
erly, it  takes  a  weftern  diretlion  ;  and  the  Indians  have  a  communica- 
tion'from  the  head  of  it  with  St.  John's  river  by  a  portage  acrofs  to  the 
head  of  KennebacaGus.  Memramcook  river  lies  a  little  to  the  eaft- 
ward  of  Petitcodak,  and  takes  a  northeafterly  direaion,  and  has  been 
recommended  as  the  moft  proper  boundary  for  the  diviOon  bciwecft 
this  province  and  Nova  Scotia. 


Road  from  Halifax  to  the  Gulf  or  St.  Lawrence. 

Exlra&ofa  Letter  from  Halifax  in  Nova  Scotia,  dated  0£lober  23,1792. 
•«  -r  AST  evening  Governour  Wentwortb  arrived  in  town  after  thir- 
I  ^  ty.four  days  abfence,  from  an  expedition  into  the  woods,  the 
chief  objetl  of  which  was,  to  open  a  road  from  the  fettlements  at  Poic- 
tou,  on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  to  this  place.  Such  a  road  has  been 
long  wanted,  but  thought  imprafticable,  from  the  expenfe  and  the  I'up- 
poied  difficulty  of  the  country.  Both  are  however  overcome,  and  > 
good  cart  road  is  cut,  cleared  and  bridged,  by  which  the  inhabitants  of 
that  populous,  increafing,  and  fertile  diftria,  have  an  eafy  communica- 
tion with  the  capital,  a  id  can  enjoy  the  benefits  of  its  commerce  as  well 
as  the  advantages  of  law  and  government;  of  which,  before j  they  were 
almofl  wholly  deftitute.  This  woik  has  been  accompliflied  without 
any  burthen  on  (he  publick,  from  a  revenue  which  has  always  been  dif- 
pofed  of  by  former  governours,  but  hitherto  not  applied  to  fuch  benefi- 
cial purpofes.  The  diftance  is  fixty-eight  miles,  of  which  eight  were 
done  before;  forty  are  newly  cut,  cleared  and  bridged;  the  remainder 
is  made  very  paffable ;  and  the  fund  is  diminifhed  not  one  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds  currency." 


Governours  0/"  Nova  Scot i a  from  ip6. 

IN  thf  rear  1720,  Colonel  Philipps  was  appointed  Governotir  oi 
Nova  Scotia,  and  in  the  year  1749,  Gener?il  Gornw..i:is  was  ap- 
pointed in  his  ftead ;  and  was  the  founder  ot  tue  preient  fettlament  of 
this  colony. 

In  1752  Colonel  Hopfon  fucceeded;  in  1753  Colonel  rioploa  had 
leave  to  go  to  England,  and  was  fucceeded  in  the  adminiftration  of 
government  by  Licutenant-Colonel,  then  Lieutenant  Governour„  Law- 
rence, and  in  1756,  he  was  appointed  Governour  in  the  room  ot  Colo- 
nel Hopfon. 


\\ 


t'^ 


.-^ 


:? 


11 


1/ 


1 

[.C 


h  t 


102 


Dejcriplion  of  the  Atherine. 


Governour  Lawrence  died  in  1760,  and  Governour  Ellis,  who  had 
been  Governour  of  Georgia.,  was  appointed  Governour,  and  near  lett 
Europe;  but  Mr.  Belcher,  fenior  connfellor,  was  appointed  Lieuten- 
ant Governour,  and  was  fncceeded  by  Colonel  Wilmot  in  1763,  who 
was  appointed  Lieutenant  Governour,  and  was  afterwards,  in  1764,  ap- 
nointed  Governour  in  the  place  ot  Mr.  Elliy. 

In  1766,  Governour  Wilmot  died,  and  the  admitiiftration  of  gov- 
ernment was  fuccefTively  carried  on  by  Mr.  Green,  the  fenior  counfel- 
lor,  and  Lieutenant  Governour  Franklin,  until  the  end  of  the  fame  year, 
when  Lord  William  Campbell,  who  had  been  appointed  Governour, 
arrived.  He  continued  in  the  government  until  he  was  fucceeded  by 
Colonel  Legge  in  1773,  who  was  called  home  in  1776.  The  admiuiftra- 
tion  of  government  was  afterwards  fucceffively  in  Lieutenant  Govern- 
our Arbuthnot,  in  1778,  in  Sir  Richard  Hughes;  and  in  1781,  in  Sir 
Andrew  Hammond. 

In  >782,  Colonel  John  Parr  was  appointed  Governour,  in  the  flead 
of  Governour  Legge.  He  die  !  in  November,  1791,  .'Et.  66.  On  his 
death,  Richard  Bulkely,  Prefident  of  the  Council,  was  Iworn  into  the 
adminiftration  ot  government.  John  Wentworth,  Surveyor  General 
of  the  woods,  was  then  in  England;  and  as  foon  as  Governour  Parr's 
death  was  known  there,  he  applied  for  the  commiffton  and  obtained  it. 
He  arrived  in  the  fpring  of  1792  at  Halifax,  and  was  received  by  the 
inhabitants  with  great  fatisfaftion. 

N.  B.  It  is  to  be  obferved,  that  fince  the  Britifti  provinces  in  North 
America  have  been  put  under  a  general  Governour,  the  Governour  of 
each  province  is  fly  led  Lieutenant  Governour.  The  general  govern*, 
ment  comprehends  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunfwirk,  St.  John's,  Lower 
Canada,  and  Upper  Canada.  The  relidence  of  the  general  Governour 
is  at  Quebec. 


A  Jhort  Defcriftion  of  the  Atherine,  two  fpecimens  of  which  hai>{ 
been  lately  prefented  to  the  Cabinet  of  the  Ihjlorical  Society. 

THIS  little  fi(h  is  called  by  Linn;eus  Atherina  (Menidia)  pinna 
ani  radiis  viginti  quatuor,  or  Atherine  with  twenty-four  rays  in 
the  fin  behind  i1  ;•  anus.  It  is  four  inches  in  length,  is  fcmitianfparent, 
and  has  a  broad  filver  line  extended  from  the  opening  of  the  gills  to 
the  infertion  of  the  tail.  The  tail  is  forked.  The  iris  of  the  eye  ftl- 
very.     The  back  is  marked  in  diamonds  by  dotted  lines. 

It  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  the  river  Pifcataqua,  in  the  months 
of  Auguft  and  September.  It  feeds  on  minute  aqiiatick  infcth  of  the 
nionocutus  kin-^j  and  is  preyed  upon  by  feveral  fiftjes  as  well  as  fliell 
drakes. 


'^• 


■■X- 


-jt-^; 


-{■'  r?^: 


s,  who  had 
id  near  lett 
;d  Lieuten- 
1763,  who 
in  1764,  ap- 

ion  of  gov - 
iorcounfel- 
e  fame  year, 
Governour, 
ucceeded  by 
:  admiiiidra- 
ant  Govern- 
1781,  in  Sir 

in  the  flead 
56.  On  his 
)rn  into  the 
yor  General 
inour  Parr's 

obtained  it. 
;ived  by  the 

es  in  North 
overnour  of 
eral  govern*, 
hn's,  Lower 
I  Governour 


Kl 


^^ 


tA 


^'4 


which  haitt 
'ociety. 

riidia)  pinna 
four  rays  in 
itranfparent, 
ihe  gills  to 
:  the  eye  ftl- 

I  the  months 
nfctf  s  of  the 
well  as  (Iiell 


mmm 


JIMi 


